Majapahit kingdom (Brief History)

Kings coledge Majapahit

After the fall of King Sri Kertanegara, Singhasari kingdom was under the suzerainty Jayakatwang of Kadiri. One king’s college descendants kings college ruler Singhasari, Raden Wijaya, then tried to regain control of his ancestors. He is a descendant of Ken Angrok, Singhasari first king and son of Dyah Ox-Tal. He is also known by other names, namely Nararyya Sanggramawijaya. According to historical sources, Raden Wijaya is actually still counted Kertanagara-law's nephew. Pararaton book mentions that he marry the king's two children at once, but the book Nagarakertagama states instead of two but four daughters all married Kertanagara. At the time Jayakatwang attack Singhasari, Raden Wijaya ordered to defend the capital in the north. Singhasari led to the defeat suffered by Raden Wijaya seeking refuge to a village called Kudadu, tired of being chased by enemy troops with the rest king’s college stay twelve people.

Thanks to the help king’s college village chief Kudadu, Raden Wijaya group can cross the sea to Madura and there protection from Aryya Wiraraja, a regent king college island. Thanks to the help Aryya Wiraraja, Raden Wijaya then be returned to Java and accepted by the king colege Jayakatwang. Not long after he was given a scorching forest areas to be opened into the village, with the pretext to anticipate enemy attacks from the north kings colege river Brantas. Thanks to the help Aryya Wiraraja he then founded a new village named Majapahit. In this village Raden Wijaya then lead and gather strength, especially the people who are loyal to the late Kertanegara derived from Daha area and Tumapel. Aryya Wiraraja itself to prepare its forces in Madura to help Raden Wijaya when the time is needed. Rupaya he does not like the king Jayakatwang.

Unforeseen that in the year 1293 Jawa arrival of Chinese troops sent by Kubhilai Khan to punish Singhasari humiliation ever received envoy in 1289. This large amount of troops after a stop in Sydney for a few months and then enters the Java through direct Brantas river leading to the Daha. Arrival is known by Raden Wijaya, he asked for permission to join the Chinese troops were received with joy. Daha invasion carried out from land or river that runs fierce throughout the morning until noon. The combined forces of China and Raden Wijaya 5,000 troops managed to destroy Daha. With the power of living a half, Jayakatwang retreat to refuge in the castle. Afternoon, realizing that he could not defend anymore Daha, Jayakatwang out king’s college fort and gave himself for later captured by Chinese troops.

Escorted by two officers and 200 troops of China, 

Escorted by two officers and 200 troops of China, Raden Wijaya asked permission to go back to Majapahit to prepare a tribute to the emperor Khubilai Khan. However, by using ruse both officers and guards managed destroyed by Raden Wijaya. In fact, he turned to lead Majapahit troops stormed remaining Chinese forces were not aware that Raden Wijaya will do so. Three thousand members kings college royal troops king’s college Chinese Yuan may be destroyed by the troops of Majapahit, the rest fled from the exit of Java by leaving many victims. Finally ideals Raden Wijaya to drop Daha and reply hurt to Jayakatwang can be realized by utilizing foreign soldiers. He then proclaimed the founding of a new kingdom called Majapahit. Raden Wijaya in 1215 crowned the first king with the title of Sri Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. The four children Kertanegara made consort with a degree Dyah Dewi Sri Parameśwari Tribhūwaneśwari, Dyah Dewi Sri Mahadewi Narendraduhitā, Dyah Dewi Sri Jayendradewi Prajnyāparamitā and Rājendradewi Dyah Dewi Sri Gayatri.

From Tribhūwaneśwari he obtained a boy named Jayanegara as crown prince who ruled in Kadiri. Gayatri he obtained two daughters, Tribhūwanottunggadewi Jayawisnuwardhani domiciled in Jiwana (Kahuripan) and Rājadewi Mahārājasa in Daha. Raden Wijaya still married to a wife again, this time coming from Jambi in Sumatra named Dara plot and has a child from her named Kalagěmět. Another woman who also came along Dara Dara Orange Plots ie, diperisteri by relatives king’s college of title 'god' and had a son named Lord Janaka, who were later known as Adhityawarman, king of Malay in Sumatra. The arrival king’s college two women of Jambi is the result of friendship yaang diplomacy carried out by the king Kertanagara Malay Jambi to work together to stem the influence Kubhilai Khan. On the basis of friendship is this king of Malay, Śrimat Tribhūwanarāja Mauliwarmadewa, sending two relatives to marry the king Singhasari. From historical records note that Dara Orange did not feel at home in Majapahit and finally returned to his hometown.

Raden Wijaya died in 1309 was replaced by Jayanegara. As at the end of his reign, the reign of Jayanegara much undermined by the uprising of people who previously helped Raden Wijaya establish the kingdom of Majapahit. The struggle for influence and betrayal led to many heroes who rendered great services eventually branded as enemies king’s college kingdom. At first Jayanegara also influenced by incitement Mahapati dispute that the culprit is, but then he realized this mistake and ordered the police to execute the trust it. In such a situation arises soldier who was smart and brave named Gajah Mada. He appeared as a figure who managed mamadamkan Kuti rebellion, when his position at that time only existed as king’s college guard (jacks Bhayangkari). His skills and diplomatic maneuver in the future will bring Gajah Mada in a very high position in the government Majapahit kingdom, which is as Mahamantri kingdom.

At the time of Jayanegara relations with China rebounded. Trade between the two countries is increasing and many Chinese who settled in Majapahit. Jayanegara ruled about 11 years, in 1328 he was killed by his doctors called Tanca because philandering with his wife. Tanca then executed by Gajah Mada.

Since it has no son, leadership of Majapahit was eventually taken over by a sister Jayanegara named Jayawisnuwarddhani, otherwise known as Bhre Kahuripan according to the territory ruled by him before becoming queen. But the uprising in the country that continues causing Majapahit always in a state of war. One is rebellion Sadeng and Keta in 1331 to bring back the name of Gajah Mada to the surface. Both can be extinguished by a clear margin in the Majapahit. Following the events of this, Mahapatih Gajah Mada pronounce his oath famous, that he would not amukti palapa before subjecting areas in the archipelago, such as the Desert (Borneo), Seran (?), Tanjongpura (Borneo), Haru (Maluku?), Pahang (Malaysia), Dompo (Sumbawa), Balinese, Sundanese (West Java), Palembang (Sumatra), and Tumasik (Singapore). To prove his vow, in 1343 he succeeded ditundukan Bali.

Jayawisnuwaddhani queen reigned for a long time

Jayawisnuwaddhani queen reigned for a long time, 22 years before resigning and being replaced by his son from his marriage Hayam Wuruk Cakradhara, ruler Singhasari region. Hayam Wuruk crowned as king in 1350 with a degree Sri Rajasanāgara. Gajah Mada continue to serve as Patih Hamangkubhūmi (Mahapatih) that have been gained while serving the king's mother. In the reign of Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit reached the peak of greatness here. Gajah Mada ambition to subdue the archipelago achieve a result in this period so that the perceived influence of Majapahit power to peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Maluku, to Papua.

But West Java can only be conquered in the year 1357 through a battle known as events Bubat, ie when the marriage plans between Dyah Pitaloka, daughter king’s college king of Padjadjaran, with Hayam Wuruk turned into warfare open field Bubat, namely a court in the capital king’s college kingdom kings college location The royal party camp. Dyah Pitaloka effect of war was suicide caused a political marriage king’s college two kingdoms in Java failed. Pararaton book mentioned that after the event Hayam Wuruk held a large ceremony to honor the Sundanese people who died in the incident. It should be noted at the same time bring the real kingdom of Majapahit also conducting eskpedisi to Dompo (Padompo) headed by a senior named Nala.

After the events Bubat, Mahapatih Gajah Mada resigned due to old age, while Hayam Wuruk finally marry his own cousin named Paduka Sori, son of Bhre Wengker still counted her aunt.

Hayam Wuruk under the rule kings college Majapahit kingdom into an empire that is strong, both in economics and politics. Hayam Wuruk ordered the manufacture of dams and water channels for irrigation and flood control. A number of river port was designed to facilitate the transport and unloading of goods. Fourteen years after he ruled, Mahapatih Gajah Mada died in 1364. Position patih Hamangkubhūmi not filled for three years before finally Elephant Enggon Hayam Wuruk appointed to fill the position. Unfortunately, not much information about Elephant Enggon in inscriptions or texts that may reveal the Majapahit era exploits.

King Hayam Wuruk died in 1389. Daughter, which constitute his own nephew named Wikramawarddhana ascended the throne as king, it is not Kusumawarddhani which is a direct line of descent from the Hayam Wuruk. He reigned for twelve years before resigning as pastor. Before abdicated he assign it to her daughter, Suhita become queen. It is not approved by Bhre Wirabhumi, the son of a concubine Hayam Wuruk who wants the throne from his nephew. The power struggle led to a civil war known as the War Paregreg. Bhre Wirabhumi originally gained kemenanggan eventually had to flee after Bhre Tumapel intervened to help the Suhita. Bhre Wirabhumi lost even eventually killed by Raden Elephant. The family dispute brought a never-ending grudge. Several years after the killing Bhre Wirabhumi now turn Raden elephant put to death for the killing innocent nobles.

Suhita died in 1477, and therefore do not have children then the position was replaced by his brother, Bhre Tumapel Dyah Kertawijaya. Soon he ruled replaced by Bhre Pamotan titled Sri Rājasawardhana also only three-year reign. Even between the years 1453-1456 Majapahit empire does not have a king was due to conflicts within the family more pointed. The situation eased when Dyah Sūryawikrama Giriśawardhana ascended the throne. He was not long in control kings college kingdom because after the seizure of power back berkecambuk. Such is the power alternated several times from the year 1466 until the year 1500. The news Chinese, Italian, and Portuguese still name the Majapahit in 1499 without mentioning the name kings college king. The more widespread influence kings college small kingdom of Demak in the north coast of Java, which is the religion of Islam, is one kings college causes kings college collapse kings college Majapahit kingdom.

1522 Majapahit no longer referred to as a kingdom but only a city. Government on the island of Java has been switched to Demak under the rule of Duke Unus, child Broken Raden, founder kings college kingdom of Demak which still Bhre Kertabhūmi descent. He destroyed Majapahit because he wanted to avenge his grandmother hurt, defeated king Dyah Girindrawarddhana Ranawijaya. So then in 1478 ruined as a kingdom of Majapahit ruler kings college archipelago and turned satusnya as king conquered areas Demak. Ended the series mastery Hindu kings in East Java started by Keng Angrok when establishing Singhasari empire, replaced by a new form of empire-style Islam.

Ironically, family disputes and resentment that led to the collapse of this empire sustained, not caused by the invasion of other nations who occupied the island of Java.

Rawa Pening folklore from Central Java

Rawa Pening folklore from Central Java

Folklore from Central Java are very popular. This is because Rawa Pening is now a tourist attraction that is much in demand by tourists. Mengetetahu folk legend that underlie the origin of Lake Swamp reel certainly be an additional insight for us all. Besides the story is very interesting to observe. Let us read together.

Folklore Rawa Pening - set Tales Legend of Central Java

In ancient times, there lived a boy magic. This miracle makes a bewitching malicious envy. Wicked witch conjured the child, so that her body covered in wounds with a very pungent odor. New injuries would appear so old wounds began to dry. The situation was the condition of his body, no one wants to touch him. Never spoken, adjacent course people do not want. They are afraid of contracting.

One day, the boy dreamed there was an old woman who can cure the illness. He also ventured looking old woman in the dream. In each village he visited, he always rejected by the population. They feel disgusted and expel this child.

Finally, he arrived at a village whose inhabitants are mostly people who are arrogant. Not a lot of people who are poor in the village. They will be expelled or made uncomfortable if you stay there. It is disturbing little ones.

At a party held in the village, this little boy made it. However, people soon throw and lashing at him. He was immediately dragged out.

At the time dragged, he advised people to be more noticed that people do not have. Hearing the words of the boy, a few people getting angry, even spit on him, saying, "The children of the Devil, children's ugly!"

The boy was hurt by the treatment of these people. Then, he stuck a stick in the ground don said, "No one else could take a stick from the ground, only I can do it!"

People doubted the child's speech. They are trying to pull out the stick. However, no one can do. Within a few days, the stick can not be uprooted. One day, in secret, the child came don stick revoke it. Without his knowledge, there was a resident who saw it and reported it to the other resident.

From the stick was removed, the spring flows. The longer, the water was getting heavy. Water submerge the area, so that it becomes a lake that is now called Lake Swamp Pening.

There were no survivors of the accident except an old woman who kindly gave him a place to stay and take care of him. Miraculously the child's skin disease was cured.

However, the evil wizard who has bewitched the child that does not receive the healing. Then, he bewitched the boy into a large snake with a bell necklace around her neck.

That said, this snake is often out of the nest at midnight. Whenever move, twang necklace around her neck always reads klentang-klenting. The sound is then made called New Klinting.

The emergence of the snake diyakinin community as a sign of good luck for fishermen who do not get fish.

Today, Lake Rama Pening is a very popular tourist attraction in Central Java. The place is located in the village of Bukit Cinta, Regency Ambarawa.

The moral of Folklore Rawa Dizziness From Central Java is the respect of others and do not hate each other. Never just judge someone from their appearance alone. What looks attractive can be bad for us and vice versa, what we do not like to be helpful to us.

Party Events Wedding Ceremony sequence Batak Toba

MARSIBUHABUHAI

The morning before the start of blessing / civil / traditional party, the event begins with pick-up the bride at home along with breakfast together and pray for the survival of the wedding party, Here usually there by the groom's flower delivery and installation of flowers by the bride continued with submission-Tudu Tudu Ni Submit dengke Sipanganon and then eat together, selanjutmya went to church for blessing.

Understanding some of the customary marriage

1. Suhut, both parties have a celebration
2. Parboru, parents of the bride Bona ni = haushuton
3. Paranak, the groom's parents = Suhut Bolon.
4. Suhut bolahan amak: Suhut the host where custom event to be held.
5. Suhut naniambangan, Suhut that come in traditional feast
6. Hula, brother of the wife of each Suhut
7. Dongan Tubu, all brothers each Suhut
8. Boru, all the wives semarga with her second Suhut (Tobing and Boru Boru Coal).
9. Dongan Butuha, meaning literally "compatriot" all who live in Huta village / community (region specific) same paradaton / solupnya.
10. Ale-ale, a friend invited not by the brotherhood (familial or pedigree).
11. Uduran, the delegation of each Suhut, and their respective delegations hula-hula.
12. Raja parhata (RP), Protocol (PR) or Spokesman (JB) each Suhut, spokesman of their respective parties masng
13. Namargoar, Signs Food customary, the body parts of animals slaughtered marking it is customary food of the animals (cattle / buffalo) were intact, which will be distributed.
14. Jambarr, namargoar distributed to the right, as the legitimacy of the existence and function of the way the event was customary.
15. Dalihan Na Tolu (DNT), the literal translation of the kinship system and way of life of the community Batak
16. Solup, rice quantities of bamboo to be used as an analogy paradaton, which means Bhuta where the Batak held solup / paradaton of Huta is used as a reference, or so-called legal tradition "sidapot solup do na ro.

The procession entered the premises ceremonies

(Example Events in The Women)

Raja parhata / Protocol Parties Women = PRW

Raja parhata / Protocol Parties Male = PRP

Suhut The Women = SW

Suhut The Men = SP

1. PRW ask all dongan Tubu / semarganya prepares to welcome and accept the arrival of the hula and bones
2. PRW tell the Hula-hula, that SP is ready to welcome and accept the arrival of Hula-hula
3. After hula say they are ready to enter, PRW ushered in with enumerate, hula and bones sequentially in the order entourage entered later: Hula-hula began dar Simorangkir
4. Hula-hula manjae child ... with the request they profess the same bersam enter and submit the subsequent arrangement to hula Simorangkir
5. PR Hulahula, told the group hula and the bones that have been mentioned PRW in the third, that the SW is ready to accept the arrival of the hula and bones with a request that uduran Hula-hula and Bones entered the venue, together.
6. For the arranged sequence uduran (party) hula and bone will enter the room. Uduran the first is Hula-hula, ......, followed BONE ...... .sesuai sequence called the PRW in (3).
7. ACCEPT ARRIVAL SUHUT paranak (SP). After all groups hula and bones from SW sitting (Event 4), the group paranak / SP are welcome to enter the room.

PRW, told that the place for the SP and uduran / entourage has been provided and SW is ready to welcome them together with Hula-hula, Bones SP and uduran / entourage

PRP convey to dongan Tubu Coal, that there is already a request from Tobias that they entered the room.

The hula and bone (mentioned one perasatu), namely:

1. Hula-hula, ....
2. Tulang, ... ..
3. Bona Tulang ....
4. Tulang Rorobot, ... ..
5. Bonaniari, ... ..
6. Hula-hula-marnggi namarhaha: - a ....... - B ....... - C ....... - Ff
7. Hula-hula manjae child ... ..

PRP beg, demand hula SW so that they get together with the SP. The procedure and sequence for entering the room set up, the first is Uduran / SP & Borunya group, followed by Hula-hula ... .., Bones ... ..and so on in accordance sequence which has been read PR Coal (Presented once again when it started to go).

Kinship systems Batak tribes ( II )

Marriage

To the Batak, especially Batak Toba, a fellow of the clan are prohibited from marrying. If you violate this provision, then the offender will get a customary sanction. It is intended to honor a person's surname. Also that the descendants of the clan can develop. This shows that they are upholding the traditional values ​​and clans have a high position.

To the Batak, marital contains sacred value. Therefore sanctity must be accompanied by a customary marriage. Said to be sacred because it means sacrifice for the bride. He "sacrificed" to give one's life a living human being that girl to others paranak parties, the groom. The men also have to appreciate the expense or dedicate one's life is also in the form of slaughter a cow or buffalo. The animals will be fine dining or traditional food in ulaon performance (traditional wedding Batak).

There are several series of traditional wedding ceremony Batak nation.

• The first circuit as an opening is Mangariksa and Pabangkit Hata. Mangariksa is the visit of the bridegroom to the women, followed by Hata Pabangkit process or application.
• The second circuit is Marhori-Hori Wall, which is talking more about marriage plans and his party.
• The third is Patua Hata, the parents give advice or counsel as a preparation to the bride later. This process is a process that is very serious.
• The fourth is a series called Marhata Sinamot, namely the men approached the woman to talk about money honestly or in Batak language is tuhor.
• Next is Pudun Sauta or eat with both parties. Food brought came from the men. Then followed by a series of
• Martumpol sixth namely, the signing of a letter perstejuan both sides. Then a series of ketujuah is Martonggo King, the ceremony or the wedding will be held. The procession is to inform people about the wedding will be held.
• The eighth circuit is manjalo-Pasu Pasu Parbagosan, the blessing of the bride and groom were conducted by the church if their religion is Protestant.

This procession is paramount and should not be missed because of the Batak is a devout Christian.
The last series is the Feast Performance. This procession is the last series of the whole series of weddings. All families berpesata and distribute the meat to the shelter or family.

The circuit does seem complicated, cumbersome and inconvenient. But it is a culture that is owned by one of the tribes of the nation of Indonesia.

Division Inheritance

In inheritance, that inheritance is a boy because Batak based on patrilineal kinship. While girls get a share of her husband's parents, or in other words the women's inheritance by way of grants.
Division of inheritance for boys are also not arbitrary because the distribution of the property there is specificity that is a tad most small or in Batak language it is called Siapudan. And he gets a special legacy.

If you do not have a boy, then his property fell into the hands of his father's brother. While his daughter did not get any of the wealth of parents. The reason is because your father obtain the inheritance, should provide for all the needs of the testator's daughters until they are married.
See nutrient distribution system legacy in Batak, still impressed Ancient. Customs regulations more strictly and firmly impressed. It was shown in inheritance girls do not get any.

The Batak have confidence Parmalim, the division of inheritance focused on the woman. This happens because it is associated with family kinship system is also based on emotional ties of kinship. Not based on mathematical calculations and proportionate. Usually because the parents are fair to their children in the division of inheritance.

Kinship systems Batak tribes ( I )

Batak Toba

Kinship in Batak society

Kinship in Batak society has two types, namely kinship based on lineage or genealogy and based on sociological. All tribes have Batak clan, is called kinship based genealogy. While kinship based sociological formed through marriage. Kinship system appears in the midst of society because of legal concerns with one another in social life.

In the tradition of Batak, the Indigenous unity is called the blood ties with the tribal. Batak tribes are divided into six categories or families, the tribal Toba, tribal Karo, tribal Pakpak, tribal Simalungun, tribal Angkola, and tribal Mandailing. Each of these families has a characteristic of his family name. This tribal serves as a sign of the kinship between them. One clan can have many clans.

Highways in Batak Karo tribes are 5 clans, the tribal Karo-karo, Ginting, Sembiring, Tarigan, and Paranginangin. Of the five clans that there are sub clan again. In total there are 84 sub-clan.tribal

The Batak Toba, is said to be a clan clans in Batak tribes were encamped page (Marbona Pasogit) in the Toba area. One exemplarily clan in Toba, Batak tribes namely Siahaan, Siregar, Aritonang, Simangungsong, Marpaung, Napitupulu, and Pardede.

In the tribe of tribal Pakpak, they are bound by a social structure in the local slang called soot Silima consisting of five elements, namely Sinina oldest (Perisang-Isang, descent or the oldest generation), Sinina mediator (Pertulan middle, descendants or generations in the middle ), Sinina terbungsu (perekur-ekur, descent terbungsu), namely relative Berru girl receiver and giver relatives Puang the girl.

The fifth element is a very important role in the decision-making process in many aspects of life, especially in the kinship system, ceremonies and in the context lebbuh community or Kuta. That is to the five elements must be involved in order to become a legitimate decision taken by custom.

Then the Batak tribes Simelungun there are four original clans Simelungun parts that are popular with the acronym SISADAPUR, namely Sinaga, Saragih, Damanik, and marga Purba. Four clans is the result of Harungguan Bolon (great deliberation) between the four kings of each of these kings, not to attack each other and not against each other.

While the ethnic tribal Mandailing only known a few semarga course, among other things Lubis, Nasution, Harahap, Pulungan, marga Batubara, Parinduri, latitude, Hasibuan, Rambe, Dalimunthe, Rangkuti, cape, Mardia, Daulay, Matondang, and Hutasuhut.

Batak kinship group drawn from the male line of descent or patrilineal. A Batak feel full life if he had had a son who continued his clan. According to the book "Ancestors Marga Marga Batak", the total number as many as 416 Highways Batak, including tribal clan Nias.

To determine a nation Batak tribes which derived lineage, they use Torombo. With the Batak tribes Tarombo man knows his position in a clan. Batak people believe, that kinship can use this Torombo unknown origin that led to the Si Raja Batak.

For tribal Toba, Si Raja Batak is the daughter of descent Debata Mulajadi Nabolon, God the creator of the earth and its contents. The Lord reigns mother Si Raja Batak to create the earth, and his mother lived in an area called Siandjur Mulamula. The area is home to Si Raja Batak and descendants. This area is the land of Batak, which places all over the Batak originate.